3D tissue lets US scientists study brain injury

 US scientists on Monday described new advances in making 3D brain-like tissue that can live for more than two months and allows real-time research on brain trauma, disease and recovery, AFP reports.

Scientists discovered they could grow rat neurons in the tissue and then watch how it responded after an injury, incurred by dropping a weight on it, according to the study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The tissue was manufactured from two biomaterials: "a spongy scaffold made out of silk protein and a softer, collagen-based gel," said the study.

Researchers took neurons from rats and anchored them onto the scaffold, and the gel encouraged growth.

While previous researchers have succeeded in making cultures made of collagen or hydrogel alone, this tissue was different because it lived longer and showed mechanical properties that were similar to real brain tissue.

"You can essentially track the tissue response to traumatic brain injury in real time," said senior author David Kaplan, chair of biomedical engineering at Tufts School of Engineering.

"Most importantly, you can also start to track repair and what happens over longer periods of time."

While it was far from a replica of a complete, thinking brain, the tissue did respond the way a brain might to a traumatic brain injury when a weight was dropped on the tissue from various different heights.

The neurons showed changes in their electrical and chemical activity, similar to what researchers have previously observed in animal studies of traumatic brain injury.

For example, researchers said they observed "high levels of the chemical glutamate, a neurotransmitter known to be emitted by cells following brain damage," after the weight fell.

They also documented "transient electrical hyperactivity consistent with post-trauma responses observed in vivo," according to the study.

A key advantage of the new tissue is its capacity to live up to nine weeks, much longer than previous forms of brain-like lab tissue.

"The fact that we can maintain this tissue for months in the lab means we can start to look at neurological diseases in ways that you can't otherwise because you need long timeframes to study some of the key brain diseases," said Kaplan.

The study was funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.